Biology Exam Review Questions
- Name and describe the three types of subatomic particles. (Proton: positive charged particle found in atom's nucleus. Nuetron: uncharged particle found in atom's nucleus. Electron: negatively charged particle found outside of the atom's nucleus)
- How do atoms and ions differ? (Atoms has a neutral charge, meaning the number of protons are the same as electrons. Ions have a certain charge, depending on how many electrons are in the nucleus. The ion could be negative if there are more electrons than protons or positive if there are less electrons then protons)
- Describe ionic and covalent bonds.
- Name and describe the different properties of water.
- What are the four major groups of organic molecules and what are their functions?
- What are the monomers and polymers for each group?
- Describe dehydration syntheses and condensation reactions.
- What are enzymes and what are their functions? (Enzymes are internal catalysts that help assist the breaking down of compound substances)
- How do eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells differ? (Eukaryotic cells have membrane bound organelles, DNA inside of a nucleus, and are found in multi-celled organisms. Prokaryotic cells have no membrane bound organelles and only ribosomes, DNA, and vacoules. These cells do not become multi-celled organisms)
- Name the different types of eukaryotic organelles and know their functions.
- How do plant and animal cells differ?
- Can you label the different organelles?
- What is a concentration gradient?
- Name and describe the different methods of substances moving into and out of a cell.
- How do cells respond when placed in different types of solutions? (hypotonic, isotonic, hypertonic)
- How do active and passive transport processes differ?
- Describe the structure of a chromosome.
- Name and describe the different stages of the cell cycle.
- Name and describe the different stages of mitosis.
- How does cytokinesis differ in plant and animal cells?
- What is the purpose of mitosis and meiosis?
- Describe the process of meiosis. Do not forget about crossing over.
- What are genes, and what are alleles?
- What is a phenotype, and genotype?
- Know how to do punnett squares.
- How are dominant and recessibe alleles inherited?
- Describe different patterns of inheritance. (incomplete dominance, co-dominance, x-linked traits, multiple alleles, polygenic traits)
- Define Mendel’s Law of Segregation and Law of Independent Assortment.
- Compare and contrast DNA and RNA
- How is DNA copied?
- How is RNA copies? (Transcription)
- How are proteins made? (Translation)
- Describe how natural selection causes organisms to change.
- How are homologous structures related to evolution?
- Describe different pieces of evidence to support evolution.