Chapter 15 15-1 absolute age- scientists can tell this by looking at which layer the fossil is found biogeography- study of the geographical distribution of fossils and living organisms cast- rocklike model of the organism extinct the dying out of species fossil- is a trace of a long-dead organism law of superposition a law that states that successive layers of rock or soil were deposited on top of one another and the lowest level is the oldest mass extinction one of the brief periods of time during which large numbers of species disappeared mold-type of fossil; an imprint in rock in the shape of an organism relative age- scientists can tell if a fossil is younger or older than another fossil sediment stratum
15-2 acquired trait - A trait that is not determined by genes, but by the experiences or behavior of an organism. This does not change the genotype of the organism or its offspring. adapt- genetically changing to become more suited to its environment adaptive advantage - an advantage that an organism has by acquiring a favorable trait fitness- amount of reproduction, and the ability to reproduce offspring. natural selection- organisms best suited to their environment reproduce more successfully than other organisms. population- interbreeding single-species group uniformitarianism - States that the earth undergoes series of continuous, observable processes that explain how it is now. variation within a species - caused when a mutation occurs (someone please clarify!!!) Darwin - had ideas about evolution and natural selection. Created the theory of: 1) descent with modification and 2) modification of natural selection.
15-3 adaptive radiation- process in which many related species evolved from a single ancestral species analogous structures- features serve identical functions and look somewhat alike. artificial selection- sometimes the process of divergence can be sped up artificially coevolution- occurs as two or more species change in response to each other such as bees and flowers conserve- genes that remain unchanged convergent evolution - When two species have uncommon ancestors, but slowly evolve more and more similar to eachother due to similar environments. divergent evolution - When two species have a common ancestor, but slowly evolve less similar to eachother due to different environments. embryology - embryological development repeats evolutionary history. all vertebrate embryos look similar in early developmental stages, but they differ as they develop. homologous structures - Structures in different species that are similar to eachother in their appearance. vestigial structures - Structures that were important to a species a long time ago, but are not anymore. (example: human tailbone)
Chapter 46 46-1
abdominal cavity - the lower compartment that contains organs of the digestive, reproductive, and excretory systems.
cardiac muscle-smooth muscle only found in heart, pumps blood well
connective tissue - binds, supports, and protects structures in the body (bone, cartilage, tendons, fat, blood, and lymph)
cranial cavity - encases the brain
diaphragm - a structure beneath the ribs that expands and contracts to help with exhaling and inhaling
epithelial tissue - line and cover all internal and external body surfaces
matrix- substance that embeds connective tissue; semi-solid, solid, and liquid
muscle tissue - composed of cells that can contract
neuron - cells in the nervous system that process and transmit information
nervous tissue - contains cells that receive and transmit messages in the form of electrical impulses
skeletal muscle - type of striated muscle, attached to the skeleton.Used to facilitate movement, by applying force to bones and joints
smooth muscle - found in the walls of all the hollow organs of the body (except the heart). Its contraction reduces the size of these structures
spinal cavity - surround the spinal cord from the cranial cavity to the base of the spine
thoracic cavity - contains the heart, the esophagus and the organs of the respiratory system 46-2
appendicular skeleton- arms and legs, pelvis, pubis, etc
axial skeleton- is made up of the cranium, ribs, spine, etc.
ball and socket joint- A Movable joint. 360 degree rotation. Examples: Humerus to shoulder, femur to pelvis
bone marrow - tissue found inside bones
compact bone- underneath the peristeum, makes the bone strong, absorbs impact
endoskeleton
epiphysial plate- a.k.a the growth plate, where bone elongation takes place
fixed joint- in skull
fracture - a break in the continuity of the bone
gliding joint- carpals
Haversian canal
hinge joint- elbows and knees
joint - a joint is where two bones meet that allow for movement
ligament- Connects bone
movable joint-jounts that can mover, many different kinds
ossification - process by which cartilage slowly hardens into bone as a result of the deposition of minerals
osteoarthritis - a disease that causes joints to deteriorate
osteocyte - living bone cells embedded within the gaps between protein layers
periosteum- membrane around bones
pivot joint- Head on neck
rheumatoid arthritis - a disease that causes the inflammation of joints and tissues surround the joints
saddle joint - found at the base of the thumb, allows rotation
semimovable joint- a joint that can only be moved to a certain point. E.G. Vertebrae
skeleton- supports you body, creates its shape, bones and joints
spongy bone-on the inside of bones
synovial fluid- forms a bubble that when pops you hear that cracking sound in knuckles or other joints. keeps the joints smooth and lubricated. 46-3 (portions)
extensor - muscle that straightens a joint
flexor - muscle that bends a joint
insertion - point where the muscle attaches to the bone
involuntary muscle - a muscle that is controlled by the brain and functions automatically
muscle fatigue - physiological inability of a muscle to contract
muscle fiber - made up of myofibrils, makes up skeletal muscle tissue
myofibril - bundles of threadlike structures that are made up of protein filaments
origin - point where muscle attaches to the stationary bone
oxygen debt - a state in which a human body has a huge amount of lack of oxygen
striation - series of linear marks (fiber) on muscles
tendon - a tough fibrous cord of connective tissue that attaches muscles to outer membrane of bones
voluntary muscle - muscle that can be consciously controlled 46-4 (portions) acne- an inflammatory disorder of the sebaceous glands characterized by skin lesions in the form of pimples, black-heads, and sometimes cysts
dermis- lower layer of the skin
epidermis- outer layer of the skin
exocrine gland- Sweat, duct
hair follicle- Hair stem
keratin- What hair is composed of
melanin- pigment
oil gland - a gland that produces oil excretes it
sebum- oil secreted from oil glands
sweat gland-allows secreation of sweat which is water, salt and urea
Chapter 47 47-1 aorta- the largest artery in the human body; carries blood from the left ventricle to systemic circulation-blood flow
aortic valves- valves in the heart
arteriole- bigger then capillary's.
artery- blood vessel that moves blood away from the heart.
atherosclerosis - the build up of fats and cholestrol in the arteries
atrioventricluar node
atrioventricular valve
atrium- in heart, left and right
blood pressure - is the pressure of blood in blood vessels
capillary- gas exchange occurs in the blood stream, smaller then arterioles.
cardiovascular system
circulatory system - it is the body system that contorls the prcoess of blood
coronary circulation - blood circulation that takes in the heart, to provide blood to the heart
diastole - its the period of time when the heart fills with blood after contracting
diastolic pressure
hepatic portal circulation
hypertension - a condition when the blood pressure in arteries rises
inferior vena cava - receives blood from lower body.
lymph
lymphatic system - helps return intercellular fluid back to the bloodstream and is part of the immune system
lymphocyte - WBC that help defend the body from disease, have a nucleus
mitral valve
pacemaker- Electrical impulses known as the sinoatrial node.
pericardium- sac around the heart.
pulmonary circulation - blood travels between the heart and the lungs
pulmonary valve
pulmonary vein - the vein that sends blood to the
renal circulation
semilunar valve
septum- the membrane that separates the left ventricle from the right ventricle
sinoatrial node- pacemaker
superior vena cava - receives blood from upper body. (brain etc.)
systemic circulation - involves the flow of blood to the rest of the body except the lungs.
systole
systolic pressure
tricuspid valve
vein - a blood vessel with valves
ventricle
venule 47-2
antibody- Determins blood type
antigen
blood type- A,B,AB,O, only some can give to others
erythrocyte - RBC that transport oxygen to cells in all parts of the body, has no nucleus
fibrin- makes blood clot
hemoglobin- iron containing
leukocyte- "defend" your body from viruses
phagocyte- eat up bad microrganisms
plasma- liquid part of blood 55% of blood
platelet - aids in blood clotting.
Rh factor- can cause the mother's body to produce antibodies and attack the fetus's blood during the 2nd childbirth 47-3
alveolus - the sight of gas exchange
bronchiole - A smaller branch of the bronchus that leads to the alveolus.
bronchus
epiglottis- triangular flap in mouth that prevents food from going down the trachea and helps the food go down the esophagus. This also allows air to pass through the larynx-produces sounds for communication
expiration
external respiration
inspiration- when the body takes in oxygen
internal respiration
larynx - has chords in it which vibrate to produce sound
trachea - a windpipe
Chapter 49 49-1
dehydration - A condition caused by water lossage.
mineral - Inorganic solid formed by the Earth.
nutrient -chemical substances necessary for organisms to grow and function properly
vitamin - serve as coenzymes; activate the enzymes and help them function 49-2
absorption - taking in nutrients from food in the small intestine
bolus - ball of food that has been chewed and moistened
cardiac sphincter - circular muscle located between esophagus and stomach
chyme - paste-like substance containing various nutrients
colon- large intestine
digestion- breaking down food to extract nutrients
epiglottis - a cardiac flap that prevent food from entering the trachea
feces- waste product from digestion
gallbladder - stores and concentrates bile
gastric fluid - carries out chemical digestion in stomach
gastric pit - open ends of gastric glands that release secretions into the stomach
gastrointestinal tract
hard palate- the roof of the mouth
incisor- sharp, flat front teeth that cut the food
jejunum- in the lower intestine
lacteal
large intestine- a.k.a. your colon. Absorbs excess water
liver-filters toxins, produces bile for digestion
microvillus
molar- teeth that grind up food, mechanical digestion
pepsin- gastric acid
peristalsis - series of rhythmic muscular contractions and relaxations
pyloric sphincter - circular muscle between stomach and small intestines, regulates flow of chyme
saliva- helps digestion, released inside of mouth
soft palate- seperates the mouth cavity from the nasal cavity
stomach-digestion, mechanical and physical
ulcer - lesion or sore
villus 49-3
ammonia
Bowman's capsule- 1st part of tubing in the nephron, surrounds glomerulus
cortex- outer most region of kidney
excretion- metabolic wastes are removed from the body
filtration
glomerulus - a cluster of capillaries that receives blood from the renal artery and
that is enclosed in Bowman's capsule
loop of Henle
medulla- inner most region of kidney
nephron- filters blood and excretes urine
reabsorption
renal pelvis- funnel-shaped structure in the center of the kidney. collects the urine.
renal tubule
secretion - the realase of things
urea- most common mammalian metabolic waste
ureter- takes urine from the kidneys to the bladder
urethra-tube that eurin exits body from
urinary bladder- hold eurin, smooth muscle
urine-liquid waste
Chapter 50 50-1
afferent neuron - carries messages or impulses towards the CNS
arachnoid layer- the middle layer of the three sacs that surround the brain and spinal cord
axon- in a neuron, an elongated extension that carries impulses away from the cell body
brain stem- the region of the brain that lies posterior to the cerebrum and that connects the cerebrum to the spinal cord
central nervous system - consists of the brain and spinal cord
cerebellum- a posterior portion of the brain that controls movement and muscle coordination
cerebral cortex- the folded outer layer of the cerebrum that controls motor and sensory activities
cerebral hemispheres- the two divisions of the cerebrum
cerebrospinal fluid- clear liquid by the brain; provides a cushion that protects the brain and spinal cord from injury
cerebrum- controls thinking and higher thought
corpus callosum
diencephalon- the lower brain stem
dura mater- outside layer of brain; consists of connective tissue, blood vessels and neurons
efferent neuron - carries messages away from the CNS to the rest of the body
interneuron
limbic system
medulla oblongata
meninges
midbrain
motor neuron
nerve
peripheral nervous system - composed only of the motor neurons
pia mater- inner layer of brain; adheres to the brain and spinal cord and contains many blood vessels and neurons
pons
reticular formation
sensory receptor : The white matter of the brain contains nerve fibers. Many of these nerve fibers (axons) are surrounded by a type of fat called myelin. The myelin gives the whitish appearance to the white matter. Myelin acts as an insulator, and it increases the speed of transmission of all nerve signals.
spinal cord-sends impulses to control body movements
thalamus
ventricle
white matter
50-2
autonomic nervous system - controls involuntary functions of the internal organs
motor division
parasympathetic division- Puts everything back to normal after the fight or flight response in the sympathetic division.
reflex- movement that cant be controlled, goes to spinal cord then causes affect, never reaches brain
sensory division
somatic nervous system
spinal reflex
sympathetic division- Fight or Flight response. Pulse and Heart rate quicken, adrenal glands secrete adrenaline etc.
50-3
action potential - transmission along the axon of a neuron
axon terminal : An axon terminal is the structure of a neuron (a single cell of the central or peripheral nervous system) at the end of it's axon that forms a synapse with another neuron. Generally, the axon terminal is the point at which a neuron passes information to the neurons with which it is connected.
dendrite : Dendrites are branched filaments in nerve cells (neurons). The word dendrite dervives from the Greek word for tree which describes their branching tree-like structure.
myelin sheath - lipid layer that covers axons
neurotransmitter - chemicals passed released from axon terminals
node of Ranvier - gaps in myelin sheath
potential- the amount possible
refractory period- time during which a neuron cannot 'fire'
resting potential - not receiving or transmitting signals
Schwann cell - produces myelin
synaptic cleft - a space between neurons
Chapter 52 52-1
ejaculation- contractions of the smooth muscles surrounding the urethra by which semen is forcefully expelled
epididymis- coiled tube on each testis where sperm complete their development
penis- organ that deposits sperm into female reproductive system
scrotum- external sac of skin that contains the testes
semen- fluid formed from sperm and various exocrine secretions
seminiferous tubules - tubes inside the testes that actually create sperm
testes- produce testosterone in males.
vas deferens - the tube that leads from the epididymus and into the urethra in the male reproductive system. 52-2
cervix- , lower entrance to the uterus, separates the vagina from the uterus
corpus luteum - ruptured follicle
fallopian tube- transports eggs from the ovaries to the uterus
follicle -layer of cells that surrounds an immature egg
follicular phase - immature egg cells goes through meiotic division
labia - folds of skin and mucous membranes that cover and protect opening of vagina
luteal phase - large amounts of estrogen and progesterone is secreted, causing the lining to get thicker
menopause- when no more eggs come out
menstrual cycle -
menstruation - lining of uterus and blood are discharged through the vagina
ovary- where eggs are produced
ovulation- on the 14th day, the eggs leave the ovaries
ovum- egg
uterus- where a fetus develops
vagina- birth canal
vulva- external female genitalia
Chapter 31 31-1
apical meristem
collenchyma
companion cell
cork
cork cambium
cuticle
dermal tissue system
epidermis - the outermost skin layer
ground tissue system
intercalary meristem
lateral meristem
meristem
parenchyma
primary growth - the growth in height
sclerenchyma
secondary growth- growth in width
vascular cambium
vascular tissue system 31-2
adventitious root
cortex
endodermis
fibrous root system - a root system that strechtes out everywhere from where the seed was unlike a tap root that goes deep down.
macronutrients - substances and nutrients that are vital to the survival of a plant.
micronutrients - substances and nutrients that do not need to be overly present in a plant for its survival.
pericycle
root cap
root hair- increases surface area for better absorbtion of nutrients
taproot - a long root that runs down having small extensions to each side. 31-3
annual ring : The layer of wood formed in a plant during a single year. Annual rings appear concentric when viewed in cross section.
bark- the protective outside covering of woody plants
bud- a structure that develops on the stem at the point of attachment of each
leaf
bud scale
cohesion-tension theory
heartwood-
internode one of the different segments of a stem
node the end of the internode where one or more leaves are attached
pith
pressure-flow hypothesis
sapwood
sink
source
springwood
summerwood
translocation
transpiration
wood 31-4 blade - broad flat portion of a typical leaf
compound leaf - a leaf which blades are divided into leaflets
guard cell - one of two cells boarding a stoma, regulates gas and water exchange
leaflet - a division of a blade
mesophyll - the tissue where photosynthesis occurs
net venation - how veins are separted in two differenct directions
palisade mesophyll
parallel ventation - when the veins are placeds parallel to each other in leaves
venation - how vessels are placed in veins
petiole
simple leaf
spongy mesophyll
tendril
vein
venation
Chapter 32 32-2
anther- collects pollin
carpel
double fertilization- when two sperm go down the pollen tube and are both fertilized. One Sperm becomes a 2n zygote while the other forms a 3n endosperm with two polar nuclei.
embryo sac
filiment
generative cell
megaspore mother cell
microspore mother cell
ovary- in plant
petal- gas exchange
pistil- what all the femal reproductive parts are called.
polar nuclei- fertalized during double fertilization
receptacle
sepal
stamen
stigma
style
tube cell
names of the bones of the skeleton - Cranium, Maxille, Mandible, Clavicle, Sternum, Ribs, Scapula, Virtebrae, Sacrum, Coxes, Humures, Radius, Alna, Carples, Meta-Carples, Phlanges, Pelvis, Ibea, Femur, Pitella, Tibia, Fibula, Tarsles, Meta-Tarsels
true ribs - 7, connect to the sternum
composition of the blood - 55% plasma, 45% cells (RBC, WBC, platelets)
path of blood through the heart
bone marrow- white vs. red
intercostals - muscles between ribs
gas exchange - diffusion in the lungs
amylase - enzymes that breaks down complex carbohydrates
saliva- starts to break down food once it enters the mouth
pharynx - it is common to both digestion and respiratory systems.
pancreas - produces hormones and excreates pancreatic juice including digestive enzymes that are passed to the stomach to help in the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
(insulin) - a hormone that helps regulate energy and glucose levels in the body
small intestine - where chemical digestion and absorption take place glomerular filtrate- It is surrounded by bowman's capsule in nephrons of the vertebrate kidney
secondary sex characteristics- thing that determine your sex besides your reproductive parts like beards, and girls have larger pelvises.
estrogen - hormone that helps regulate menstrual cycle
follicle stimulating hormone - secreted by the pituitary glands, it stimulates the division in a follicle lutenizing hormone - a hormone prodcued in the pituitary gland; an increase of this hormone triggers ovulation in females birth canal - when the muscles in the cervix relax and allow the cervix and vagina to enlarge and allow the fetus to pass through
phloem- carries sugar in plants. Pressure Flow Hypothesis. xylem- carries water in plant. Cohesion tension theory
stomata- the swelling of the stomata let oxygen and water in embryo/endosperm- is the tissue produced in the seeds of most flowering plants around the time of fertilization. Embryo is a baby in its early forms of developement. ovule - a structure in plants that holds the embroyo sac and develeops into a seed after fertilization pollen - particles that contain the microgametophytes of seed plants; these prodcue male gametes or sperm cells - gametes are reproductive cells (sperm in males and eggs in females). The gametes are stored and produced in the gonad, they all have 23 chromosomes. Sperm cells hare made of a head (nucleus surrounded by enzymes), midpiece (mitochondria), and a tail. evidence for evolution
evolutionary patterns double pollination - when one of two sperm cells fuses with the egg it forms a diploid zygote, which will eventually turn into a zygote. The second sperm fuses with the two polar nuclei, creating a 3n triploid nucleus, which will later turn into the endosperm. The endosperm provides nourishment for the embryo.
Possible Diagrams...
-skeleton
-organs
-respiratory system
-heart; parts along with where blood is oxygenated/deoxygenated
-neurons
-male/female reproductive system
-difference/parts between xylem and phloem
-monocot vs. dicot
-internal structure of stems and leaves
-flowers
-nephrons
Chapter 15
15-1
absolute age- scientists can tell this by looking at which layer the fossil is found
biogeography- study of the geographical distribution of fossils and living organisms
cast- rocklike model of the organism
extinct the dying out of species
fossil- is a trace of a long-dead organism
law of superposition a law that states that successive layers of rock or soil were deposited on top of one another and the lowest level is the oldest
mass extinction one of the brief periods of time during which large numbers of species disappeared
mold-type of fossil; an imprint in rock in the shape of an organism
relative age- scientists can tell if a fossil is younger or older than another fossil
sediment stratum
15-2
acquired trait - A trait that is not determined by genes, but by the experiences or behavior of an organism. This does not change the genotype of the organism or its offspring.
adapt- genetically changing to become more suited to its environment
adaptive advantage - an advantage that an organism has by acquiring a favorable trait
fitness- amount of reproduction, and the ability to reproduce offspring.
natural selection- organisms best suited to their environment reproduce more successfully than other organisms.
population- interbreeding single-species group
uniformitarianism - States that the earth undergoes series of continuous, observable processes that explain how it is now.
variation within a species - caused when a mutation occurs (someone please clarify!!!)
Darwin - had ideas about evolution and natural selection. Created the theory of: 1) descent with modification and 2) modification of natural selection.
15-3
adaptive radiation- process in which many related species evolved from a single ancestral species
analogous structures- features serve identical functions and look somewhat alike.
artificial selection- sometimes the process of divergence can be sped up artificially
coevolution- occurs as two or more species change in response to each other such as bees and flowers
conserve- genes that remain unchanged
convergent evolution - When two species have uncommon ancestors, but slowly evolve more and more similar to eachother due to similar environments.
divergent evolution - When two species have a common ancestor, but slowly evolve less similar to eachother due to different environments.
embryology - embryological development repeats evolutionary history. all vertebrate embryos look similar in early developmental stages, but they differ as they develop.
homologous structures - Structures in different species that are similar to eachother in their appearance.
vestigial structures - Structures that were important to a species a long time ago, but are not anymore. (example: human tailbone)
Chapter 46
46-1
abdominal cavity - the lower compartment that contains organs of the digestive, reproductive, and excretory systems.
cardiac muscle-smooth muscle only found in heart, pumps blood well
connective tissue - binds, supports, and protects structures in the body (bone, cartilage, tendons, fat, blood, and lymph)
cranial cavity - encases the brain
diaphragm - a structure beneath the ribs that expands and contracts to help with exhaling and inhaling
epithelial tissue - line and cover all internal and external body surfaces
matrix- substance that embeds connective tissue; semi-solid, solid, and liquid
muscle tissue - composed of cells that can contract
neuron - cells in the nervous system that process and transmit information
nervous tissue - contains cells that receive and transmit messages in the form of electrical impulses
skeletal muscle - type of striated muscle, attached to the skeleton.Used to facilitate movement, by applying force to bones and joints
smooth muscle - found in the walls of all the hollow organs of the body (except the heart). Its contraction reduces the size of these structures
spinal cavity - surround the spinal cord from the cranial cavity to the base of the spine
thoracic cavity - contains the heart, the esophagus and the organs of the respiratory system
46-2
appendicular skeleton- arms and legs, pelvis, pubis, etc
axial skeleton- is made up of the cranium, ribs, spine, etc.
ball and socket joint- A Movable joint. 360 degree rotation. Examples: Humerus to shoulder, femur to pelvis
bone marrow - tissue found inside bones
compact bone- underneath the peristeum, makes the bone strong, absorbs impact
endoskeleton
epiphysial plate- a.k.a the growth plate, where bone elongation takes place
fixed joint- in skull
fracture - a break in the continuity of the bone
gliding joint- carpals
Haversian canal
hinge joint- elbows and knees
joint - a joint is where two bones meet that allow for movement
ligament- Connects bone
movable joint-jounts that can mover, many different kinds
ossification - process by which cartilage slowly hardens into bone as a result of the deposition of minerals
osteoarthritis - a disease that causes joints to deteriorate
osteocyte - living bone cells embedded within the gaps between protein layers
periosteum- membrane around bones
pivot joint- Head on neck
rheumatoid arthritis - a disease that causes the inflammation of joints and tissues surround the joints
saddle joint - found at the base of the thumb, allows rotation
semimovable joint- a joint that can only be moved to a certain point. E.G. Vertebrae
skeleton- supports you body, creates its shape, bones and joints
spongy bone-on the inside of bones
synovial fluid- forms a bubble that when pops you hear that cracking sound in knuckles or other joints. keeps the joints smooth and lubricated.
46-3 (portions)
extensor - muscle that straightens a joint
flexor - muscle that bends a joint
insertion - point where the muscle attaches to the bone
involuntary muscle - a muscle that is controlled by the brain and functions automatically
muscle fatigue - physiological inability of a muscle to contract
muscle fiber - made up of myofibrils, makes up skeletal muscle tissue
myofibril - bundles of threadlike structures that are made up of protein filaments
origin - point where muscle attaches to the stationary bone
oxygen debt - a state in which a human body has a huge amount of lack of oxygen
striation - series of linear marks (fiber) on muscles
tendon - a tough fibrous cord of connective tissue that attaches muscles to outer membrane of bones
voluntary muscle - muscle that can be consciously controlled
46-4 (portions)
acne- an inflammatory disorder of the sebaceous glands characterized by skin lesions in the form of pimples, black-heads, and sometimes cysts
dermis- lower layer of the skin
epidermis- outer layer of the skin
exocrine gland- Sweat, duct
hair follicle- Hair stem
keratin- What hair is composed of
melanin- pigment
oil gland - a gland that produces oil excretes it
sebum- oil secreted from oil glands
sweat gland-allows secreation of sweat which is water, salt and urea
Chapter 47
47-1
aorta- the largest artery in the human body; carries blood from the left ventricle to systemic circulation-blood flow
aortic valves- valves in the heart
arteriole- bigger then capillary's.
artery- blood vessel that moves blood away from the heart.
atherosclerosis - the build up of fats and cholestrol in the arteries
atrioventricluar node
atrioventricular valve
atrium- in heart, left and right
blood pressure - is the pressure of blood in blood vessels
capillary- gas exchange occurs in the blood stream, smaller then arterioles.
cardiovascular system
circulatory system - it is the body system that contorls the prcoess of blood
coronary circulation - blood circulation that takes in the heart, to provide blood to the heart
diastole - its the period of time when the heart fills with blood after contracting
diastolic pressure
hepatic portal circulation
hypertension - a condition when the blood pressure in arteries rises
inferior vena cava - receives blood from lower body.
lymph
lymphatic system - helps return intercellular fluid back to the bloodstream and is part of the immune system
lymphocyte - WBC that help defend the body from disease, have a nucleus
mitral valve
pacemaker- Electrical impulses known as the sinoatrial node.
pericardium- sac around the heart.
pulmonary circulation - blood travels between the heart and the lungs
pulmonary valve
pulmonary vein - the vein that sends blood to the
renal circulation
semilunar valve
septum- the membrane that separates the left ventricle from the right ventricle
sinoatrial node- pacemaker
superior vena cava - receives blood from upper body. (brain etc.)
systemic circulation - involves the flow of blood to the rest of the body except the lungs.
systole
systolic pressure
tricuspid valve
vein - a blood vessel with valves
ventricle
venule
47-2
antibody- Determins blood type
antigen
blood type- A,B,AB,O, only some can give to others
erythrocyte - RBC that transport oxygen to cells in all parts of the body, has no nucleus
fibrin- makes blood clot
hemoglobin- iron containing
leukocyte- "defend" your body from viruses
phagocyte- eat up bad microrganisms
plasma- liquid part of blood 55% of blood
platelet - aids in blood clotting.
Rh factor- can cause the mother's body to produce antibodies and attack the fetus's blood during the 2nd childbirth
47-3
alveolus - the sight of gas exchange
bronchiole - A smaller branch of the bronchus that leads to the alveolus.
bronchus
epiglottis- triangular flap in mouth that prevents food from going down the trachea and helps the food go down the esophagus. This also allows air to pass through the larynx-produces sounds for communication
expiration
external respiration
inspiration- when the body takes in oxygen
internal respiration
larynx - has chords in it which vibrate to produce sound
trachea - a windpipe
Chapter 49
49-1
dehydration - A condition caused by water lossage.
mineral - Inorganic solid formed by the Earth.
nutrient -chemical substances necessary for organisms to grow and function properly
vitamin - serve as coenzymes; activate the enzymes and help them function
49-2
absorption - taking in nutrients from food in the small intestine
bolus - ball of food that has been chewed and moistened
cardiac sphincter - circular muscle located between esophagus and stomach
chyme - paste-like substance containing various nutrients
colon- large intestine
digestion- breaking down food to extract nutrients
epiglottis - a cardiac flap that prevent food from entering the trachea
feces- waste product from digestion
gallbladder - stores and concentrates bile
gastric fluid - carries out chemical digestion in stomach
gastric pit - open ends of gastric glands that release secretions into the stomach
gastrointestinal tract
hard palate- the roof of the mouth
incisor- sharp, flat front teeth that cut the food
jejunum- in the lower intestine
lacteal
large intestine- a.k.a. your colon. Absorbs excess water
liver-filters toxins, produces bile for digestion
microvillus
molar- teeth that grind up food, mechanical digestion
pepsin- gastric acid
peristalsis - series of rhythmic muscular contractions and relaxations
pyloric sphincter - circular muscle between stomach and small intestines, regulates flow of chyme
saliva- helps digestion, released inside of mouth
soft palate- seperates the mouth cavity from the nasal cavity
stomach-digestion, mechanical and physical
ulcer - lesion or sore
villus
49-3
ammonia
Bowman's capsule- 1st part of tubing in the nephron, surrounds glomerulus
cortex- outer most region of kidney
excretion- metabolic wastes are removed from the body
filtration
glomerulus - a cluster of capillaries that receives blood from the renal artery and
that is enclosed in Bowman's capsule
loop of Henle
medulla- inner most region of kidney
nephron- filters blood and excretes urine
reabsorption
renal pelvis- funnel-shaped structure in the center of the kidney. collects the urine.
renal tubule
secretion - the realase of things
urea- most common mammalian metabolic waste
ureter- takes urine from the kidneys to the bladder
urethra-tube that eurin exits body from
urinary bladder- hold eurin, smooth muscle
urine-liquid waste
Chapter 50
50-1
afferent neuron - carries messages or impulses towards the CNS
arachnoid layer- the middle layer of the three sacs that surround the brain and spinal cord
axon- in a neuron, an elongated extension that carries impulses away from the cell body
brain stem- the region of the brain that lies posterior to the cerebrum and that connects the cerebrum to the spinal cord
central nervous system - consists of the brain and spinal cord
cerebellum- a posterior portion of the brain that controls movement and muscle coordination
cerebral cortex- the folded outer layer of the cerebrum that controls motor and sensory activities
cerebral hemispheres- the two divisions of the cerebrum
cerebrospinal fluid- clear liquid by the brain; provides a cushion that protects the brain and spinal cord from injury
cerebrum- controls thinking and higher thought
corpus callosum
diencephalon- the lower brain stem
dura mater- outside layer of brain; consists of connective tissue, blood vessels and neurons
efferent neuron - carries messages away from the CNS to the rest of the body
interneuron
limbic system
medulla oblongata
meninges
midbrain
motor neuron
nerve
peripheral nervous system - composed only of the motor neurons
pia mater- inner layer of brain; adheres to the brain and spinal cord and contains many blood vessels and neurons
pons
reticular formation
sensory receptor : The white matter of the brain contains nerve fibers. Many of these nerve fibers (axons) are surrounded by a type of fat called myelin. The myelin gives the whitish appearance to the white matter. Myelin acts as an insulator, and it increases the speed of transmission of all nerve signals.
spinal cord-sends impulses to control body movements
thalamus
ventricle
white matter
50-2
autonomic nervous system - controls involuntary functions of the internal organs
motor division
parasympathetic division- Puts everything back to normal after the fight or flight response in the sympathetic division.
reflex- movement that cant be controlled, goes to spinal cord then causes affect, never reaches brain
sensory division
somatic nervous system
spinal reflex
sympathetic division- Fight or Flight response. Pulse and Heart rate quicken, adrenal glands secrete adrenaline etc.
50-3
action potential - transmission along the axon of a neuron
axon terminal : An axon terminal is the structure of a neuron (a single cell of the central or peripheral nervous system) at the end of it's axon that forms a synapse with another neuron. Generally, the axon terminal is the point at which a neuron passes information to the neurons with which it is connected.
dendrite : Dendrites are branched filaments in nerve cells (neurons). The word dendrite dervives from the Greek word for tree which describes their branching tree-like structure.
myelin sheath - lipid layer that covers axons
neurotransmitter - chemicals passed released from axon terminals
node of Ranvier - gaps in myelin sheath
potential- the amount possible
refractory period- time during which a neuron cannot 'fire'
resting potential - not receiving or transmitting signals
Schwann cell - produces myelin
synaptic cleft - a space between neurons
Chapter 52
52-1
ejaculation- contractions of the smooth muscles surrounding the urethra by which semen is forcefully expelled
epididymis- coiled tube on each testis where sperm complete their development
penis- organ that deposits sperm into female reproductive system
scrotum- external sac of skin that contains the testes
semen- fluid formed from sperm and various exocrine secretions
seminiferous tubules - tubes inside the testes that actually create sperm
testes- produce testosterone in males.
vas deferens - the tube that leads from the epididymus and into the urethra in the male reproductive system.
52-2
cervix- , lower entrance to the uterus, separates the vagina from the uterus
corpus luteum - ruptured follicle
fallopian tube- transports eggs from the ovaries to the uterus
follicle -layer of cells that surrounds an immature egg
follicular phase - immature egg cells goes through meiotic division
labia - folds of skin and mucous membranes that cover and protect opening of vagina
luteal phase - large amounts of estrogen and progesterone is secreted, causing the lining to get thicker
menopause- when no more eggs come out
menstrual cycle -
menstruation - lining of uterus and blood are discharged through the vagina
ovary- where eggs are produced
ovulation- on the 14th day, the eggs leave the ovaries
ovum- egg
uterus- where a fetus develops
vagina- birth canal
vulva- external female genitalia
Chapter 31
31-1
apical meristem
collenchyma
companion cell
cork
cork cambium
cuticle
dermal tissue system
epidermis - the outermost skin layer
ground tissue system
intercalary meristem
lateral meristem
meristem
parenchyma
primary growth - the growth in height
sclerenchyma
secondary growth- growth in width
vascular cambium
vascular tissue system
31-2
adventitious root
cortex
endodermis
fibrous root system - a root system that strechtes out everywhere from where the seed was unlike a tap root that goes deep down.
macronutrients - substances and nutrients that are vital to the survival of a plant.
micronutrients - substances and nutrients that do not need to be overly present in a plant for its survival.
pericycle
root cap
root hair- increases surface area for better absorbtion of nutrients
taproot - a long root that runs down having small extensions to each side.
31-3
annual ring : The layer of wood formed in a plant during a single year. Annual rings appear concentric when viewed in cross section.
bark- the protective outside covering of woody plants
bud- a structure that develops on the stem at the point of attachment of each
leaf
bud scale
cohesion-tension theory
heartwood-
internode one of the different segments of a stem
node the end of the internode where one or more leaves are attached
pith
pressure-flow hypothesis
sapwood
sink
source
springwood
summerwood
translocation
transpiration
wood
31-4
blade - broad flat portion of a typical leaf
compound leaf - a leaf which blades are divided into leaflets
guard cell - one of two cells boarding a stoma, regulates gas and water exchange
leaflet - a division of a blade
mesophyll - the tissue where photosynthesis occurs
net venation - how veins are separted in two differenct directions
palisade mesophyll
parallel ventation - when the veins are placeds parallel to each other in leaves
venation - how vessels are placed in veins
petiole
simple leaf
spongy mesophyll
tendril
vein
venation
Chapter 32
32-2
anther- collects pollin
carpel
double fertilization- when two sperm go down the pollen tube and are both fertilized. One Sperm becomes a 2n zygote while the other forms a 3n endosperm with two polar nuclei.
embryo sac
filiment
generative cell
megaspore mother cell
microspore mother cell
ovary- in plant
petal- gas exchange
pistil- what all the femal reproductive parts are called.
polar nuclei- fertalized during double fertilization
receptacle
sepal
stamen
stigma
style
tube cell
30-3
cone
cotyledon
deciduous
dicot
monocot
net venation
ovary
parallel venation
rhizome
seedling
Things to Know
names of the bones of the skeleton - Cranium, Maxille, Mandible, Clavicle, Sternum, Ribs, Scapula, Virtebrae, Sacrum, Coxes, Humures, Radius, Alna, Carples, Meta-Carples, Phlanges, Pelvis, Ibea, Femur, Pitella, Tibia, Fibula, Tarsles, Meta-Tarsels
true ribs - 7, connect to the sternum
composition of the blood - 55% plasma, 45% cells (RBC, WBC, platelets)
path of blood through the heart
bone marrow- white vs. red
intercostals - muscles between ribs
gas exchange - diffusion in the lungs
amylase - enzymes that breaks down complex carbohydrates
saliva- starts to break down food once it enters the mouth
pharynx - it is common to both digestion and respiratory systems.
pancreas - produces hormones and excreates pancreatic juice including digestive enzymes that are passed to the stomach to help in the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
(insulin) - a hormone that helps regulate energy and glucose levels in the body
small intestine - where chemical digestion and absorption take place
glomerular filtrate- It is surrounded by bowman's capsule in nephrons of the vertebrate kidney
secondary sex characteristics- thing that determine your sex besides your reproductive parts like beards, and girls have larger pelvises.
estrogen - hormone that helps regulate menstrual cycle
follicle stimulating hormone - secreted by the pituitary glands, it stimulates the division in a follicle
lutenizing hormone - a hormone prodcued in the pituitary gland; an increase of this hormone triggers ovulation in females
birth canal - when the muscles in the cervix relax and allow the cervix and vagina to enlarge and allow the fetus to pass through
phloem- carries sugar in plants. Pressure Flow Hypothesis.
xylem- carries water in plant. Cohesion tension theory
stomata- the swelling of the stomata let oxygen and water in
embryo/endosperm- is the tissue produced in the seeds of most flowering plants around the time of fertilization. Embryo is a baby in its early forms of developement.
ovule - a structure in plants that holds the embroyo sac and develeops into a seed after fertilization
pollen - particles that contain the microgametophytes of seed plants; these prodcue male gametes or sperm cells - gametes are reproductive cells (sperm in males and eggs in females). The gametes are stored and produced in the gonad, they all have 23 chromosomes. Sperm cells hare made of a head (nucleus surrounded by enzymes), midpiece (mitochondria), and a tail.
evidence for evolution
evolutionary patterns
double pollination - when one of two sperm cells fuses with the egg it forms a diploid zygote, which will eventually turn into a zygote. The second sperm fuses with the two polar nuclei, creating a 3n triploid nucleus, which will later turn into the endosperm. The endosperm provides nourishment for the embryo.
Possible Diagrams...
-skeleton
-organs
-respiratory system
-heart; parts along with where blood is oxygenated/deoxygenated
-neurons
-male/female reproductive system
-difference/parts between xylem and phloem
-monocot vs. dicot
-internal structure of stems and leaves
-flowers
-nephrons